Manuscript Types

• Original research article. New empirical, field, laboratory, or educational research. Typically 5,000 to 8,000 words, including references.
• Short communication. Concise reports of preliminary or focused results, new records, or methods. Typically up to 3,000 words.
• Review article. Systematic or critical syntheses of a defined topic, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Typically 6,000 to 9,000 words.

Each manuscript is submitted to one of two sections: Biology and Ecology or Biology and Science Education. Word counts are guides, not limits; the editors may ask for a manuscript to be shortened.